多原发癌表现为甲状腺肿物1例并文献复习
张小陆 张洁 于杰 张洪诊*
1.病例资料
患者,男,62岁,主因间断声音嘶哑5年,甲状腺进行性肿大20天就诊。查体:右侧甲状腺触及一大小4cm×4cm肿物,质中,活动可,边界不清,与周围组织无黏连。余查体未见异常。吸烟40年,40支/天,饮酒30年,约2两/天。无肿瘤家族史。甲功未见异常。甲状腺及颈部超声:甲状腺右叶多发混合回声团(其一伴钙化)TI-RADS 3类,双侧颈部淋巴结可见。颈部、胸部增强CT:气管胸廓入口段后方及周围团块影,与甲状腺、气管、食管分分界不清。纵膈内多发淋巴结。甲状腺体积增大并异常强化(图1)。喉镜检查并活检:双侧声带麻痹,左侧梨状窝新生物,表面呈结节状。中分化鳞状细胞癌(图2)。胃镜:梨状窝、咽部、食管粘膜处病变。食管咬检病理及免疫组化:(距门齿18-22cm):低分化-未分化鳞状细胞癌(图3)。甲状腺针吸病理诊断:未查见癌细胞。为明确诊断,行右侧甲状腺及峡部切除术,术后病理及免疫组化:低分化鳞状细胞癌,并多发脉管内癌栓,考虑转移(图4)。微小乳头状癌(直径约0.2cm)(图5)。经多学科综合讨论,行放射治疗(60Gy/30F,2Gy/F,5F/W),同步DP(多西他赛60mg/㎡,顺铂60mg/㎡)化疗,治疗结束患者耐受性良好,未发生3级及以上不良反应,评效PR。
图1 颈部、胸部增强CT扫描示气管胸廓入口段后方及周围团块影;图2 梨状窝中分化鳞状细胞癌(HE×200);图3a 食管低分化-未分化鳞状细胞癌(HE×200);图3b食管鳞状细胞癌 P63免疫组织化学染色(×200);图4a 甲状腺低分化鳞状细胞癌(HE×200);图4b 甲状腺鳞状细胞癌P63免疫组织化学染色(×200);图5a 甲状腺微小乳头状癌(HE×200);图5b 甲状腺微小乳头状癌TG免疫组织化学染色(×200)。
2.讨论
多原发恶性肿瘤(multiple-primary-malignant neoplasms,MPMN)1889 年由Billroth [1]首次提出,后经Warren与Gates修订[2]:同一个体中存在两种或更多种原发性肿瘤,不同的组织学实体和排除转移。学者Moertel[3]于1977年提出分类标准:以6个月为时间间隔,分为同时性原发癌和异时性原发癌。MPMN通常发生在相同的系统,不同的器官或同一器官共轭的器官,多发于老年患者,以消化系统常见[4],总发病率在0.40%~21%之间[5],二重癌发生率最高,也有八重癌,九重癌的报道[6]。
头颈部MPMN的发生与饮酒、吸烟及“区域性癌变”(field cancerization)有关。饮酒,尤其是与吸烟相结合,显著增加食管鳞癌及头颈部鳞癌危险性[7,8]。Katakana等[9]表明食管癌鳞癌患者,尤其是饮酒,吸烟及含有ALDH2-2等位基因者头颈部鳞癌的发生风险增加。“区域性癌变”,是指正常细胞在致癌因素的作用下,获得累积突变,随着时间推移,最适应的克隆将或主导,并最终转化为恶性肿瘤细胞,同时位于肿瘤周围的癌前区域仍然存在,并扔可能转化为恶性病灶[10]。该患者有长期饮酒及吸烟史,患下咽癌合并食管癌,与文献报道一致。研究表明间质微环境是上皮细胞自我更新的关键调控因子,基质的异常改变可以使上皮细胞癌变[11]。例如炎症性肠病中,炎症的严重程度是发生结直肠癌风险的独立危险因素[12]。皮肤中,转基因小鼠模型的间充质细胞中Notch家族信号传导的丧失诱导上皮肿瘤发生[13]。患者甲状腺乳头状癌的发生可能与甲状腺转移癌引起间质微环境改变相关。
经MDT讨论,本例患者甲状腺微小乳头状癌以完整切除,优先处理有临床症状,预后差的病灶,下咽、食管肿瘤应放在首位。患者病广泛,无手术指正,需行全身治疗(KPS评分90%,ECOG评分0分)。研究证实[14,15]多西他赛联合顺铂化疗可作为晚期下咽癌、食管癌不可术者化疗选择。LiQQ等证明[16]多西他赛和顺铂联合放射治疗食管鳞状细胞癌疗效满意,毒性可控。因此针对该患者选择多西他赛和顺铂联合放疗。另外,头颈部放疗增加甲状腺癌的发病率[17],需密切监测甲状腺癌复发。
临床实践中,下咽癌患者胃镜检查也是必要的,特别是对于有吸烟、饮酒等高危因素的患者。正确诊断及MDT讨论可为晚期多原发肿瘤患者提供最优治疗选择,提高患者生活质量、延长生存期。
参考文献
[1] Billionth T. Die allgemeine chirurgische pathologie und therapie: in funfzig vorlesungen: ein handbuch fur studirende und arzte[M]. 14th ed. Burlin: Aufl age, 1889.
[2] WARREN,S. Multiple primary malignant tumors. A survey of the literature and a statistical study[J]. Gastroenterology, 1932, 93(4):779.
[3] Moertel C G. Multiple primary malignant neoplasms. Historical perspectives[J]. Cancer, 1977, 40(4 Suppl):1786.
[4] Lv M, Zhang X, Shen Y, et al. Clinical analysis and prognosis of synchronous and metachronous multiple primary malignant tumors[J]. Medicine.2017 Apr;96(17):e6799.
[5] Liu Z, Liu C, Guo W, et al. Clinical Analysis of 152 Cases of Multiple Primary Malignant Tumors in 15,398 Patients with Malignant Tumors[J]. PLoS One. 2015 May 6;10(5):e0125754.
[6] Arakawa K, Hata K, Yamamoto Y, et al. Nine primary malignant neoplasms-involving the esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, prostate, and external ear canal-without microsatellite instability: a case report[J]. BMC Cancer. 2018 Jan 4;18(1):24.
[7] Yang X, Chen X, Zhuang M, et al. Smoking and alcohol drinking in relation to the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A population-based case-control study in China[J]. Sci Rep. 2017 Dec 8;7(1):17249.
[8] Maasland D H, Pa V D B, Kremer B, et al. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and the risk of subtypes of head-neck cancer: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study.[J]. BMC Cancer. 2014 Mar 14;14:187.
[9] Tabuchi T, Ito Y, Ioka A, et al. Tobacco smoking and the risk of subsequent primary cancer among cancer survivors: a retrospective cohort study.[J].Ann Oncol. 2013 Oct;24(10):2699-704.
[10] Curtius K, Wright N A, Graham T A. An evolutionary perspective on field cancerization.[J].Nat Rev Cancer. 2018 Jan;18(1):19-32.
[11] Davis H, Irshad S, Bansal M, et al. Aberrant epithelial GREM1 expression initiates colonic tumorigenesis from cells outside of the crypt base stem cell niche[J].Nat Med. 2015 Jan;21(1):62-70.
[12] Rutter M, Saunders B,Wilkinson K, et al. Severity of inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis.[J].Gastroenterology. 2004 Feb;126(2):451 -9.
[13] Hu B, Castillo E, Harewood L, et al. Multifocal epithelial tumors and field cancerization from loss of mesenchymal CSL signaling[J]. Cell. 2012 Jun 8;149(6):1207-20.
[14] Jin Y K, Do Y R, Park K U, et al. A multi-center phase II study of docetaxel plus cisplatin as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic squamous cell esophageal cancer[J]. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 May;66(1):31-6.
[15] Samlowski W E, Moon J, Kuebler J P, et al. Evaluation of the Combination of Docetaxel/Carboplatin in Patients with Metastatic or Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck (SCCHN): A Southwest Oncology Group Phase II Study[J].Cancer Invest. 2007 Apr-May;25(3):182-8.
[16] Jin Y K, Do Y R, Park K U, et al. A multi-center phase II study of docetaxel plus cisplatin as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic squamous cell esophageal cancer[J]. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 May;66(1):31-6.
[17] Liou MJ, Tsang NM, Hsueh C, et al. Therapeutic Outcome of Second Primary Malignancies in Patients with Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer[J]. Int J Endocrinol. 2016;2016:9570171.