无水乙醇局部栓塞颌面部动静脉畸形的临床应用分析
[摘要] 动静脉畸形(arteriovenous malformaitoin,AVM)是口腔颌面部常见的一种脉管性疾病,大部分的动静脉畸形发生于头颈部。约占全身动静脉畸形的50%。以往治疗颌面部的动静脉畸形以手术为主,但因其术中出血量大,常需结扎其供血的动脉,甚至需要结扎单侧及双侧颈外动脉来止血,相应动脉结扎后未能完全切除病变,反而会促进侧枝循环的形成,导致后期的复发,并且给后续的治疗带来巨大困难,随着介入医学的发展,现主要采用栓塞疗法,或者栓塞后手术治疗,并取得了良好的效果。现在常用的栓塞剂包括,平阳霉素、鱼甘油酸钠、聚桂醇、及无水乙醇等,无水乙醇是现在唯一能治愈AVM的栓塞剂,用乙无水乙醇栓塞血管内AVMs,预示着治疗颌面部血管异常的一个新时代[1,2]。该文针对无水乙醇治疗颌面部动静脉畸形的临床应用作一综述及展望。
[关键词] 动静脉畸形;无水乙醇;栓塞疗法;机制
Analysis of clinical application of anhydrous ethanol embolization in maxillofacial arteriovenous malformation
Abstract: Arteriovenous malformaitoin (AVM) is a common vascular disease in the oral and maxillofacial region, and the majority of arteriovenous malformations occur in the head and neck, accounting for about 50% of arteriovenous malformations in the whole bodyPast treatment of maxillofacial arteriovenous malformation with surgery is given priority to, but because of the intraoperative blood loss, often to its blood supply artery ligation, even need a unilateral and bilateral ligation of external carotid artery to stop the bleeding, corresponding artery ligation after failed to complete removal of lesion, it will promote the formation of collateral circulation, lead to the late recurrence, and bring great difficulties to the subsequent treatment, with the development of interventional medicine, is now mainly adopts embolization therapy, or embolism after surgical treatment, and achieved good results now commonly used embolic agents including, pingyangmycin fish glyceric acid sodium poly cinnamyl alcoholAnhydrous ethanol is the only embolization agent that can cure AVM at present. Embolization of AVMs with ethyl anhydrous ethanol indicates a new era in the treatment of maxillofacial vascular abnormalities.
Key words: arteriovenous malformaitoin,AVM; anhydrous ethanol; embolization therapy; mechanism
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1 动静脉畸形的定义及分类
动静脉畸形实质上属于一种先天性脉管系统发育异常,由动脉与静脉直接相吻合,其间缺乏正常的毛细血管网络;这些脉管异常和分流的区域称为nidus(中心核)[2]颌面部动静脉畸形可发生于颌面部软组织和颌骨两部分,发生于软组织的区域可累及颊部、鼻部、眶周、上唇及头皮等部位,并且引起相应的功能障碍,颌骨动静脉畸形以往被称为颌骨中心性血管瘤,可表现为牙龈的自发出血,活检及简单的拔牙均可导致严重的出血,甚至危及生命[28-29]。
2 发病机制的相关研究
目前尚未发现动静脉畸形与遗传有关,Eerola I等报道一些遗传性疾病及综合征,例如遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症(hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia,HHT)CM-AVM、parkes-weber 综合症、PHACES 综合征、错构瘤综合征以及Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba 综合征中伴有动静脉畸形的存在、因此推测动静脉畸形的发病可能与这些疾病的致病基因有关联。查阅相关文献发现HHT为常染色体显性遗传病,其致病的基因为内皮糖蛋白(endoglin,ENG)基因和激活素受体样激酶1(activin receptor-like kinase type 1,ALK-1)基因。ENG又名CD105,在染色体9q33-34上发现了此基因的存在;在染色体12q11-14上发现基因ALK-1的存在2种基因的编码蛋白都可以在内皮细胞上表达,ENG编码蛋白归属于TGF-β家族的III型受体,而ALK-1编码蛋白属于TGF-β家族的I型受体。HHT-1的发生与ENG的基因突变有关,而HHT-2的发生与ALK-1的基因突变相关[16]。
3 栓塞疗法
有关AVM的文献中提到栓塞疗法指的是:用颗粒剂、凝胶丛、线圈或液体栓塞材料堵塞血管床或喂养动脉或两者。其目的是促进后续的手术或通过单纯栓塞治疗AVM,来达到对其的长期控制。
4 无水乙醇栓塞动静脉畸形的原理及特性
乙醇栓塞治疗AVM,以前被认为是一种危险的栓塞材料。然而,自从Yakes WF等人[3]在1986年对一种肢体动静脉畸形用无水乙醇进行治疗后,乙醇栓塞AVM被认为是安全、有效的,并逐渐被临床实践所接受。并且无水酒精已被证实在颅外AVMs的治疗中也是有效的[4,5,6]。无水乙醇栓塞动静脉畸形的原理主要是根据其自身的脱水和消蚀的特性,其具有诱导内皮细胞蛋白变性的独特能力,随后使病变区域的血管壁剥脱、血栓形成。这导致了血管腔的完全闭塞,而不是单纯的梗阻,其通过永久性破坏AVM nidus内皮细胞不会导致病变区域血管的再通[7,8]。与其它的栓塞剂相比无水乙醇有其独特的特点。因此无水乙醇栓塞颌面部AVM的疗法越来越被临床实践所接受[9,10,11]。
5 无水乙醇栓塞颌面部动静脉畸形的用法与效果
单纯无水乙醇栓塞AVM通常分期进行,是对AVM nidus进行直接栓塞而不是它的喂养血管,其目的是栓塞部分或者全部nidus,直到完全改善及解决临床症状和体征。经先前的血管造影后,通过相应的导管经动脉或者静脉到达nidus,或者直接经皮到达nidus进行栓塞[30]或者通过颈外动脉血管造影后用明胶海绵栓塞供养动脉同时局部经皮直接对nidus和引流静脉进行无水乙醇栓塞[12]。无水乙醇栓塞不仅可以对软组织的动静脉进行治疗,而且在颌骨的动静脉畸形的病例中也取得了满意的效果[13]。Li-xin Su等 [17]报道16例患者行颌面部眶周区域动静脉畸形栓塞治疗,3例患者治愈13例患者症状缓解。有效率达100%。J. Pekkola等[2]报道19例患者行头颈部动静脉畸形栓塞,11例患者治愈,1例患者复发7例患者正在继续治疗,治愈率为57.9%。D0等[31]报道,无水乙醇栓塞治疗动静脉畸形的治愈率为40%,有效率为68%,金云波等[32]报道无水乙醇栓塞颅面部动静脉畸形的治愈率为62.5%,有效率为87.5%,苏立新等[33]报道颅外动静脉畸形无水乙醇栓塞的治愈率高达84.8%,另外15.2%的病例症状得到缓解。发生在颌骨的动静脉畸形伴有严重的并发症。而且发现下颌骨发生的动静脉畸形有其特点,其患者几乎为儿童及青少年[14,15]。Wang D等[13]随对18例颌骨的动静脉畸形采用经静脉释放线圈联合无水乙醇栓塞术 ,18例患者中有16例治愈,2例部分缓解,有效率达100%。访时间8 至26个月(平均15.7个月),经血管造影检查病变区域无复发。采用直接穿刺“静脉池”栓塞结合血管内无水乙醇栓塞的“双介入疗法”治疗颌骨的动脉畸形,可以达到治愈的效果,并且保留了颌骨以及牙齿的功能[6,34]。单次水乙醇的栓塞剂量通常按体重计算,一般不超过1ml/kg ,推注的速度为5min内推注量不超过0.1ml/kg[13,35]。为了避免栓塞时的疼痛,选择全麻下由经验丰富的介入科医生完成。
6 无水酒精栓塞疗法的并发症及相关处理
尽管无水乙醇栓塞动静脉畸形取得了很高的疗效,但同时它也是一种非常危险的血管内栓塞剂,如果它进入体循环会引起严重的并发症。根据介入放射学会报告的标准,无水酒精硬化疗法的并发症分为大和小两种。严重的并发症包括死亡、永久性的后遗症等。轻微的并发症包括任何非永久性的不良后遗症,如短暂的神经损伤或自发愈合的皮肤损伤[13,20]。患者在栓塞前后进行身体和神经系统检查,以评估并发症。当观察到并发症时,再次复查血管造影以寻找可能的导致并发症的原因。突然严重的心血管塌陷是乙醇栓塞治疗血管畸形的罕见并发症[11,30,33]。乙醇是一种液体剂,它能穿透毛细管床,但不能穿透侧支循环[21]。然后,组织在细胞水平死亡和广泛坏死发生,酒精栓塞的并发症与组织局部栓塞和全身吸收有关。最常见的局部并发症是局部组织损伤,表现为皮肤起泡或坏死,以及周围神经麻痹。全身的并发症包括治疗后尿液中暂时性含有血红蛋白,及全麻时表现出的气道阻力增加、血氧饱和度下降和血压下降为主的肺动脉高压,此种情况出现时可以选择静脉注射硝酸甘油。无水乙醇单次注射量小于0.1ml/kg,总量小于10ml,Swan-Ganz插管监测肺动脉高压可以预防此种并发症的发生[36]并且在治疗过程中无水乙醇的用量,每次使用的绝对乙醇总量小于1ml /kg体重[ 23 ]。乙醇不能用x光显示,操作者必须通过对比注射来测试酒精注射的体积和速度,以确定适当的无水乙醇用量来填补nidus。在大多数情况下,我们使用95%的乙醇;如果弥漫性病变波及皮肤或粘膜表面,我们可以使用含95%稀释盐水至50%的乙醇[2]每隔4个月进行一次DSA检查,直到根除分流;使用乙醇栓塞技术,要求精确的置管于相应的血管,或直接将乙醇经皮注射病变的nidus内,以避免将乙醇注入正常血管和组织内[24,25,26],这些都能避免无水酒精栓塞引起的不适。
7 结语
以上论述表明,无水乙醇栓塞颌面部动静脉畸形是一种高效、安全的治疗方法,无水乙醇是最强的栓塞剂,如果可以控制好用量及方法,并在治疗前进行多学科的系统评估和制定详细的治疗计划,不会引起严重的并发症。其在临床上有可能成为治疗颌面部动静脉畸形最有潜力的栓塞剂。
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