苏轼词《明月几时有》四种英译本评析
周向勤
提要:本文试比较苏轼词《明月几时有》的四种英译本,作简略分析和评论,并加以改译。
abstract: This paper tries to compare four English versions of Su Shi’s ci poem “When Did the Bright Moon Begin to Appear?”, give brief comment and analysis and then translate it again.
关键词:苏轼 明月 评析
Key words: Su Shi, the bright moon,comment and analysis
以前读苏轼词《水调歌头·明月几时有》,不求甚解,自以为懂了,其实好多没懂;其英译本也看过一些,但都没有仔细对照原词读过,总觉得名家的译品,质量应不容置疑。直到今年(2018)中秋节,有老同学将该词的四种英译本汇总发到网上,引起我的阅读兴趣,于是汉英对照,一一读来,才发现名人翻译的东西也并不是那么完美,甚至有错误,因而斗胆写下此文。为方便起见,下面逐段加以讨论。
明月几时有?
不知天上宫阙,
今夕是何年。
1) 许渊冲译:
How long will the full moon appear?
Wine cup in hand, I ask the sky
I do not know what time of the year
It would be tonight in the palace on high.
2)龚景浩译:
“When shall we have a bright moon?”
Holding up a wine cup, I queried the blue heaven.
“Tell me in the celestial palace up so high,
What year in its annals is tonight.”
3)林语堂译:
How rare the moon, so round and clear!
With cup in hand , I ask of the blue sky,
“I do not know in the celestial sphere,
What name this festival night goes by?”
4)朱曼华译:
How many times will the full moon rise?
Upholding a cup of wine, I ask the blue sky.
Tonight I wonder which year is passing by
In the heavenly paradise.
评析:
甲) 对“明月几时有?把酒问青天”一句的翻译,这四种版本都有问题。许译和龚译都用的将来时态,意味着此时月亮还没有出来,词人在等待着。许译问:还有多长时间(How long will…)月亮才能出来?而龚译问:我们何时才可以看到(When shall we have…)月亮?林译倒是说月亮已经出来了,那么圆,那么亮,很是罕见(How rare…),但用的不是疑问句,而是感叹句,与原词的意思和句式皆不合。朱译也是用的将来时态,但问的是满月将升起多少次(How many times… rise),竟没有时间范围的限制! 这几种译法都对原词理解错了。这两句是从李白的《把酒问月》中“青天有月来几时?我今停杯一问之”脱化而来的:“我举着酒杯询问青天,天上的月亮是何时有的”? 其意境也与《春江花月夜》中“江畔何人初见月,江月何时初照人”相同。这时已是一轮明月当空,苏轼望着她,突发奇想,作此对人生哲理和宇宙奥秘探索性的一问。说得再清楚点,他是问:天地间月亮这个星球何时开始出现的?因此,这句应该译以过去时: When did the bright moon begin to appear(exist)?
乙) 对 “不知天上宫阙,今夕是何年”,龚译的意思是在天宫的编年史(annals)上,我不知道今夕是在哪一年?林译的意思是天宫每一年都有个名字,就像人世间的纪年,如此词写作当年就是丙辰年, 还有以皇帝的年号命名的,如唐贞观某年等,可我不知道这个节日的夜晚所在的年是以何名过着的?龚译与林译的理解是对的,但表达时没有必要加译原词字面上没有的annals、festival和name,因为这样译,显得太实了,有悖于文学语言的特色。许译是说我不知道天宫中的今夕是一年中的什么时候(what time of the year…),在理解上不如以上两译准确。朱译意为:今夕我很想知道天宫中过着的是哪一年,也不夠准确。这句话是向明月问的内容:从明月诞生的时候起到现在已经过去许多年了,不知道天宫中的今晚是属哪一年的(In the celestial palace, I am not aware/Tonight belongs to what year)?
现将这四句改译如下:
When did the bright moon begin to appear?
Holding a cup of wine, I ask the blue sphere:
In the celestial palace, I am not aware
Tonight belongs to what year?
我欲乘风归去,
又恐琼楼玉宇,
起舞弄清影,
何似在人间。
1) 许渊冲:
Riding the wind there I would fly,
Yet I’m afraid the crystalline palace would be
Too high and cold for me.
I rise and dance , with my shadow I play.
On high as on earth, would it be as gay?
2) 龚景浩:
I’d like to ride the wind and go there
But was afraid it would be too cold up on high
In rose to my feet and dance with my own shadow,
It was not too bad down here!
3) 林语堂:
I want to fly home, riding the air,
But fear the ethereal cold up there,
The jade and crystal mansions are so high!
Dancing to my shadow,
I feel no longer the mortal tie.
4) 朱曼华:
With the wind I’d like to go there;
I’m afraid it’s too cold in the sky
With the jade-palace being too high.
Dancing to play with a cool shadow
Is analogous to our human world?
评析:
甲) 对“我欲乘风归去,又恐琼楼玉宇,高处不胜寒”的翻译,许译、龚译、朱译都说我要乘风(飞)去那儿,但都没有译出“归” 字,而林译译出了“归”(fly home)字。这“归”字很重要。因为它反映了苏轼的出世思想。词人对月宫仙境产生的向往和疑虑,寄寓着作者出世、入世的矛盾心理。唐人称李白为“谪仙”,黄庭坚则称苏轼与李白为“两谪仙”,苏轼自已也设想前生是月中人,因而起“乘风归去”之想。但天上和人间,幻想和现实,出世和入世,两方面同时吸引着他。他既想归去,“又恐琼楼玉宇,高处不胜寒”。对“琼楼玉宇“,许译为水晶宫(the crystalline palace),林译为玉和水晶的楼宇(The jade and crystal mansions),朱译为玉宫(jade-palace),只是龚未译。这几个译名中,朱译最好。因琼即是玉,“琼楼玉宇”实是同义反复,不必又是水晶又是玉的,太复杂,何况神话传说中玉皇大帝的殿即称为玉殿。对“高处不胜寒”,许译为太高太寒让我受不了(Too high and cold for me),很恰当;龚只译为天空太冷,因漏译了“琼楼玉宇”,意思上有出入;林译为天空太冷,琼楼玉宇太高,这样分开来说,而且没有译出“不胜” 即让我受不了的意思,不如许译好;朱译为天空太高,玉殿太冷,也没有译出“不胜”寒的意思。
乙) 对“起舞弄清影,何似在人间”的翻译,有两点值得讨论:第一,“起舞”是苏轼真的舞了吗?即他已付诸“舞”的行动了,还是只是关于“舞”的设想?第二,是对 “何似”一词的理解。先说第一点,许译(I rise and dance…)、龚译(In rose to my feet and dance…)、林译(Dancing to my shadow, I…)都认为他已付诸舞的行动了,朱译没有明说他已付诸行动了。那么,这句话的意思,他到底有没有真的起舞了呢?要搞清楚第一个问题得与第二个问题,即对“何似”一词的理解联系起来考虑。“何似”,不是说两者相较何其相似,而是以反问的口气表示前者 “不如”后者,即前者何能与后者相比。前面说到词人对上天还是留在人间思想上很纠结,考虑的结果是,留在人间占上风。这里的“起舞弄清影”并不是作者真的起舞弄影了,而只是一种设想:与其飞往高寒的月宫,还不如留在人间,在月光下起舞,起码还可以与自己的清影为伴。从字面排列上看,“起舞弄清影”排在了“何似在人间”之前,实际上应在其后,之所以作这样的颠倒,是音韵的需要。
对“何似在人间”,许译为在天上与在人间同样很快乐吧?(On high as on earth, would it be as gay ?) 这样译,就没有把在人间更胜的意思表达出来;龚译为在人间也不太差(…not too bad down here)较接近词意;林译为Dancing to my shadow / I feel no longer the mortal tie不大好懂,我猜此句是不是说,当我起舞弄影之时,我就不再感到人世的束缚了;朱译为Dancing to play with a cool shadow / Is analogous to our human world?是说起舞(在天上)弄清影”和我们人间相似?理解上有误,而且清影之“清”不是“凉爽” (cool)之意,而是“清晰”(clear)之意。
现将这四句改译如下:
I want to go home by wind-riding there,
But the jade palace is too high and cold for me, I fear.
How could flying there be so good as rising to dance
With my clear shadow in the human world, down here?
转朱阁,
低绮户,
照无眠。
不应有恨,
何事长向别时圆。
1) 许渊冲:
The moon goes round the mansions red
Through gauze-draped window soft to shed
Her light upon the sleepless bed.
Why then when people part, is oft the full and bright?
1) 龚景浩:
The moon turned round the vermilion penthouse,
Casting its beams down through the lattice windows
And shining on the sleepless.
It need not evoke sadness , you know,
But why is it always so bright when the loved one’s away?
2) 林语堂:
She rounds the vermilion tower,
Stoops to silk-pad doors,
Shines on those who sleepless lie.
Why does she, bearing us no grudge,
Shine up on our parting, reunion deny?
4)朱曼华:
The moonlight is over my red corridor,
Looking at my gorgeous door.
Why I sleepless, I wonder
Don’t blame on the moon any more,
Why does it turn full when we are farewell?
评析:
甲) 对“转朱阁,低绮户,照无眠”一句,许把 “朱阁”译为red mansions(红色楼宇),不错;龚译为vermilion penthouse不太恰当,因penthouse指棚屋或楼顶房屋;林译为vermilion tower,也不错;朱译为red corridor(红色走廊),不妥。“绮户”许译为gauze-draped window (纱窗);龚译为lattice windows (格子窗);林译为 silk-pad doors (丝绸装饰的门);朱译为gorgeous door (华丽的门 )。 “户”本是门,这里译成窗也可以;“绮”本是丝绸,可引伸为华丽,豪华。比较而言,林译和朱译更接近原意些。其实 “绮户”是指雕花的门窗,译成carved doors and windows较好 。对动词“转”,许译为goes round,龚译为turned round,林译为rounds,都很恰当,朱译暂不论。对此处作动词用的形容词“低”,许译似未作交代,只译为“通过”(through)不够;龚译为“通过…抛下”光芒(Casting its beams down through…)有了“低”的意思;林译为Stoops to (silk-pad doors),意为俯身就着(丝绸装饰的门),也译出了 “低”;但朱译对“转”和“低”这两词都未作交代,而是将此句译成:月亮在我朱红的走廊上空望着我华丽的门,错。对“照无眠”,许译作照着无眠的床(sleepless bed),虽然也可以理解成拟人化,以无眠之床代指无眠之人,但有点儿勉强,这么译显然是为了与上两行末词 red和shed押韵,不免有凑韵之嫌;龚译为shining on the sleepless,可以;林译作Shines on those who sleepless lie,意为月光照着那些无眠的人儿,与许译龚译之差在单复数上。朱译作Why I sleepless, I wonder,意为我不知道我为何失眠,与原词出入较大。这句话的意思应该是:月光转过(goes round)朱红的楼阁(red mansions),低低地穿过(lowly pass through )雕花的门窗(carved doors or windows),照着屋里失眠的人(the sleepless)。“无眠”是泛指那些和自己相同的因为不能和亲人团圆而感到忧伤,以致不能入睡的人,以复数为好。
乙) 对 “不应有恨,何事长向别时圆”一句,许译为:为何当人们分开之时(when people part),月亮常是亮而满(Why then is oft the full and bright)?漏译了“不应有恨”;龚译为:它无须引起悲伤(It need not evoke sadness),但为何当爱人们分开的时候,它总是那么明亮(But why is it always so bright when the loved one’s away)?对“不应有恨”的理解有误;林译为:她对我们既无怨恨(bearing us no grudge),为何要当我们分离、欲重聚而不可得时闪耀(Why does she shine up on our parting, reunion deny)?意思与原词较近;朱译为:不要再责怪月亮了,它为何要当我们分离时变为满月呢(Don’t blame on the moon any more, Why does it turn full when we are farewell)?与原词意思有出入。这句话实是词人以推想的口气埋怨明月:明月总不该是对我们有什么怨恨吧,不然为什么老是在人们离别时才圆呢?(shouldn’t she hate us but why she, when we part, oft turn round willfully?)
现将这几句改译如下:
The moon goes round the red mansions,
And passes through carved windows lowly
To shut on the sleepless. Shouldn’t she hate us
But why she, when we part , oft turn round willfully?
人有悲欢离合,
月有阴晴圆缺,
此事古难全。
但愿人长久,
1) 许渊冲:
Men have sorrow and joy; they part or meet again;
The moon is bright or dim and she may wax or wane.
There has been nothing perfect since the olden days.
So let us wish that man
Will live long as he can
Though miles apart , we’ll share the beauty she displays.
2) 龚景浩:
We all have joys and sorrows, partings and reunions.
The moon, its phases resplendence,
Waxings and wanings--
Nothing in this world is ever perfect .
I wish a long life to us all.
Then, however far apart we are
We’d still be sharing the same enchanting moonlight.
3) 林语堂:
But rare is perfect happiness—
The moon does wax, the moon does wane,
And so men meet and say goodbye.
I only pray our life be long,
And our souls together heavenward fly!
4) 朱曼华:
Man will vary with vicissitudes of life
The full moon alternates the crescent, rain or shine.
Nothing has been perfect since the ancient time.
However, may you live a long life;
The moon we share across 1000 miles.
评析:
甲) 对“人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,此事古难全”一句,许译为人们有悲欢,有离合,月亮有明暗盈亏,自古以来没有完美之事;龚译为我们有欢乐与悲伤,分离和重聚,月相有亏有盈,世上没有永久的完美之事;他们都是先罗列现象,后得出结论,完全按原词的先后顺序译的。林译则与许译和龚译相反,他先译结论世上完美之事很少见,就像月亮或盈或亏,人相聚又相离。朱将“人有悲欢离合”译为人因生活的变动而变化,就像满月与新月,雨天与晴天相互交替,自古以来没有完美之事,意思倒是与词意差不多,但译时没有紧扣字面,还加译了原词没有的词语rain or shine,不太好。原词中讲到人时说“人有悲欢离合”,讲到月时说“月有阴晴圆缺”,两者是平行的,虽没有关联词维系,但读者一看便知,“月有阴晴圆缺”是用来比喻“人有悲欢离合”的,因为中文重意合;但译成英语时,最好在“月有阴晴圆缺”前,加关联词(just)as,因为英文重句合。
乙)对“但愿人长久,千里共婵娟”一句,许译为:让我们祝愿那人(指其弟苏辙)尽可能长寿,虽然我们相隔很远,但我们可以共享月光所展示的美,很好;龚译为希望我们大家都能长寿,无论我们分隔多远,我们都能共享这迷人的月光,也很好;林译为我只祈求我们的生命绵长,我们的灵魂一起飞向天堂(our souls together heavenward fly),这最后一句是原意所没有的;朱译为:无论怎样,愿你长寿,我们相隔千里,共合一个月亮,意思虽与词意接近,但词中的“千里”并非实数,而是虚言其远的一种形容,没有必要译成确切的across 1000 miles。
现将这几句改译如下:
At separation men have grief and in union, joy,
As the moon may wax or wane , be bright or gloomy,.
Nothing is perfect from olden days to the present day.
I only wish you to live long ,
Though far apart, we share the moon lovely.